Research Project towards the Integration of UAS in the NAS and MUMT: Annotated bibliography and Research Timeline (Part 2-3)

Annotated Bibliography

NASA Tech Briefs. (2016). Drone control: Flying the crowded skies - advanced technologies & aerospace database - proquest. NASA Tech Briefs, 40(2). https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.lib.purdue.edu/advancedtechaerospace/docview/1766804152/9CA08D1D27434CCFPQ/12?accountid=13360


Topics covered are “see and avoid, beyond line of sight and software suites for integration of UAS”. Concepts are mentioned that plan to use sharing of information as primary means for UAS within the NAS. The idea being the utilization of a “cloud based unmanned aircraft traffic management (UTM) system”. The UTM systems has many conceptual ideas to how UAS could conduct low level operations. Concepts include digital flight plans, cellular network for information sharing of location and related metadata, and geofencing applications.

The second part of the journal mentioned human some human factor concerns. One question addressed was how could ATC personnel handle the workload and ability to de-conflict between all types of possible drones while still keeping the skies safe for manned aircraft.

Chula vista police department and cape launch new public safety drone initiative for San Diego UAS integration pilot program. (2018, Oct 25). PR Newswire Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.lib.purdue.edu/docview/2124717358?accountid=13360

Identifies one of first cases of drone integration into state government law enforcement agencies for emergency response. On of 10 selected as part of IPP.

This references is short and does not contain much information. Does give way to local links for more information. (https://www.sandiego.gov/uas.)


Davies, Nicola. (2017, January 24). Up in the Air: Drone-Assisted disaster response is taking off. Fire Rescue. Firerescue.com. Retrieved from https://www.firerescuemagazine.com/articles/print/volume-12/issue-1/special-ops/up-in-the-air.html

This online journal made short points for the advantages and disadvantages for y=using drones during disaster relief. Size, efficiency and cost were all used as advantages, while collision avoidance was one of the major disadvantages. The journal cites Dr. Brent Terwilliger of the Worldwide College of Aeronautics at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Florida on the problem of “sense and avoid” with regard to manned aircraft using the same area. Dr. Terwilliger continued this argument, “The major challenges to employing UAS in disaster or emergency response include de-conflicting and coordinating use with other assets in the area, including manned aircraft, and gaining regulatory approval to use UAS in a specific location.” This issues goes beyond the use of drones in disaster areas but anywhere that man and unmanned systems could potential be in the same area.


Further examples included drone selection to meet specific time and altitude requirements, training for equipment for operators and possible harsh weather endureace capabilities during disaster type conditions.


Laszlo, B., Agoston, R., & Xu, Q. (2018). Conceptual approach of measuring the professional and economic effectiveness of drone applications supporting forest fire management. Procedia Engineering, 211, 8-17. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.12.132

Makes strong arguments for use of drones during fire fighting operations. defines efficiency of UAS, use with a damage to time model. Defines equations for determining economic cost during operation.

Strong arguments for difficulty in measuring economic benefit.


Cons: some content is lost in translation. Difficult to read. have to change units to familiar emperical units to understand ratio.


Manfreda, S., M. E. McCabe, P. E. Miller, R. Lucas, V. P. Madrigal, G. Mallinis, E. Dor, D. Helman, L. Estes, G. Ciraolo, J. Mullerova, F. Tauro, M. I. de Lima, Jlmp del Lima, A. Maltese, F. Frances, K. Caylor, M. Kohv, M. Perks, G. Ruiz-Perez, Z. Su, G. Vico, and B. Toth. 2018. "On the Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Environmental Monitoring." Remote Sensing 10 (4). doi: 10.3390/rs10040641.


Pros:Report about using UAS to improve weather monitoring techniques and practices. Highlights

GIS technologies and advancements. Compares UAS ability to gather data against traditional methods i.e. satellite images. Highlights to use of UAS to get information and images as highly beneficial to meet the needs of analysis.


General Aim of paper: "review the current state of the art in the field of UAS applications for environmental monitoring, with a particular focus on hydrological variables, such as vegetation conditions, soil properties and moisture, overland flow, and streamflow."


Makes valid points about quality of data and need to find a way to "harmonize" the data for it to reach a higher level of potential analysis.

Cons: not as relevant to integration as other reports. Speaks most about data collection technoligies and not techniques.


Targeted News Service. (2018, Sep 18). New waiver for drone operations over populated areas to help state farm respond to damage in states impacted by hurricane Florence. Targeted News Service. Washington, D.C. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.lib.purdue.edu/docview/2108801431?accountid=13360

Article highlights UAS for use during Emergencies. Focuses on insurance company ability to assess damages and “allocate resources”. Waivers for regulations that are not normally obtainable from the FAA for BVLOS and flight over people were given to the corporation (state farm insurance) to complete post emergency drone usage. Ethical concerns could be highligheted from this article; why large corporations are given waivers when other more beneficial entities are not. Company partnered with a IPP member to complete these high risk flights for private financial gain. Key points that support integration of drones are mentioned. Provides supporting points for future of safe drone operations.

Vagueness of article and lack of details of how the mission was accomplished were omitted. Lack of details provides little expect the knowledge of it was done, but not how.


Global Data Point;Amman. (2018, November 14). Simulyze conclude support of NASA's third Nationwide test of its UAS traffic Management platform, begins work on FAA's integrated pilot program. Global Data Point; Amman. SyndiGate Media Inc. Retrieved from https://search-proquest- com.ezproxy.lib.purdue.edu/advancedtechaerospace/docview/2132647134/88BD5A78326F42D7PQ/ 1?accountid=13360



Pros: Current events with regards to UTM and UAS integration. References status of 4 level of UTM.

Abstract for UTM, “NASAs Technical Capability Level tests are advancing research of prototype technologies for a national UTM system that could develop airspace integration requirements for enabling safe, efficient low-altitude operations by drones.”

Strong references for FAA/NASA IPP. Included timeline for completion of capability testing of all levels. Illustrates scope of IPP program. Has information on the company that was awarded to test for IPP

Con: Does not list all locations and project for IPP.

Valavanis, Kimon P.;Vachtseanos, George J.(2014). Unmanned Handbook: Future of Unmanned Aviation. Section: 126.1, 126.3. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-90-481-9707-1_95


Pros:This reference is extensive and inclusive towards Unmanned aerail vehicles as of 2014. In the chapter “Future of Unmanned Aviation” (section 126)challenges are address for the integration of UAV’s into commercial airspace alongside manned aviation. A major focus was not only the technical shortcomings against integration, but also public approval and ethical dilemmas. Most of section 126 focused on the technological shortcoming around UAS. The end of the section listed sense and avoid as major concern of UAS within NAS.

Cons: some material is dated. Information and regulations changed in 2016 that made some ideologies from this report outdated.

Yak, Shelley (2018). House transportation and infrastructure subcommittee on aviation hearing. (2018). (). Washington: Federal Information & News Dispatch, Inc. Retrieved from Research Library Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.lib.purdue.edu/docview/2100337432?accountid=13360


Pros: This dictated hearing highlighted the need for UAS Integration by acknowledging the scope of UAS use and future applications. Compared number of drones registered to manned aircraft for the FAA (230,000:300,000) Next gen is mentioned as well as atc responsibilities.

Included FAA’s vision for UAS integration.

Cons:To much “fluff” and political formalities throughout document which are distracting. Long winded paragraphs that can be skipped to get to the important topics.

Yap, Basil K. (2018). Unmanned Aircraft Systems Integration Pilot Program. NCDOT. Retrieved from https://www.ncdot.gov/divWoSons/aviation/uas-integration-pilot/Pages/default.aspx


This YouTube short commercial style news update promotes the North Carolina Department of Transportation as one of the 10 selected for the FAA IPP. General direction for implementation includes package/food delivery, sensor integration and UAS in NAS integration. Provides quick details for flights beginning in fall of 2018 towards testing.

Cons: short and vague. Same as other IPP news releases. Need more information but act as a good way to gather selections on all 10 IPP locations.

Keywords

Manned, unmanned, UAS, Unmanned Aerial Systems, drones, MUMT, cooperative collection methods, integration of unmanned aviation into civilian airspace, disaster relief, wild fire spotting, NRI, sense and avoid, detect and avoid (DAA), DAIDALUS, integration pilot program (IPP).